Surveying and the Role of the Surveyor

In its broadest sense, the term surveying encompasses all activities that measure and record information about the physical world and the environment. The term is often used interchangeably with geomatics which is the science of determining the position of points on, above or below the surface of the earth. Humans have been undertaking surveying activities throughout recorded history. The oldest records indicate that the science began in Egypt. In 1400 BCE, Sesostris divided the land into plots so taxes could be collected. The Romans also made significant developments in the field with surveying a necessary activity in their extensive building works across the empire. The next period of major advancement was the 18th and 19th centuries. European countries needed to accurately map their land and its boundaries, often for military purposes. The UK national mapping agency, the Ordnance Survey was established at this time and used triangulation from a single baseline in the south of England to map the entire country. In the United States, the Coast Survey was established in 1807 with the remit of surveying the coastline and creating nautical charts in order to improve maritime safety. Surveying has progressed rapidly in recent years. Increased development and the need for precise land divisions, as well as the role of mapping for military requirements, have led to many improvements in instrumentation and methods. One of the most recent advances is that of satellite surveying or Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), more commonly known as GPS. Many of us are familiar with using sat-nav systems to help us find our way to a new place, but the GPS system also has a wide range of other uses. Originally developed in 1973 by the US military, the GPS network uses 24 satellites at an orbit of 20,200 km to provide positioning and navigation services for a range of applications such as air and sea navigation, leisure applications, emergency assistance, precision timing, and providing coordinate information when surveying. The advances in air, space, and ground-based surveying techniques are in part due to the great increase in computer processing and storage capacity that we have seen over recent years. We can now collect and store vast amounts of data on the measurement of the earth and use this to build new structures, monitor natural resources and help develop new planning and policy guidelines. Types of Surveying Cadastral Land Surveys: These are related to land surveys and are concerned with establishing, locating, defining or describing the legal boundaries of land parcels, often for the purpose of taxation. Topographic Surveys: The measurement of land elevation, often with the purpose of creating contour or topographic maps. Geodetic Surveys: Geodetic surveys locate the position of objects on the earth in relation to each other, taking into account the size, shape, and gravity of the earth. These three properties vary depending on where on the earths surface you are and changes need to be taken into account if you wish to survey large areas or long lines. Geodetic surveys also provide very precise coordinates that can be used as the control values for other types of surveying. Engineering Surveying: Often referred to as construction surveying, engineering surveying involves the geometric design of engineering project, setting out the boundaries of features such as buildings, roads, and pipelines. Deformation Surveying: These surveys are intended to ascertain whether a building or object is moving. The positions of specific points on the area of interest are determined and then re-measured after a certain amount of time. Hydrographic Surveying: This type of surveying is concerned with the physical features of rivers, lakes and oceans. The surveys equipment is on board a moving vessel with follows pre-determined tracks to ensure the entire area is covered. The data obtained are used to create navigational charts, determine depth and measure tide currents. Hydrographic surveying is also used for underwater construction projects such as the laying of oil pipelines. Working as a Surveyor At present, the UK suffers from a shortage of qualified land / geomatics surveyors and many organizations have struggled to recruit over recent years. In the UK, a graduate surveyors starting salary usually ranges between  £16,000 and  £20,000. This can rise to  £27,000 -  £34,000 ($42,000-$54,000) once chartered status is achieved. Chartered status is gained from either the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors or the Chartered Institute of Civil Engineering Surveyors. A Masters degree is useful but not essential. Postgraduate qualifications also allow the opportunity to specialise in a specific area of the industry such as geodetic surveying or geographical information science. Entry to the industry with a foundation degree or Higher National Diploma is possible at lower levels such as assistant surveyor or in a related technician role.

Conflict Between Iran And Iraq Essay - 1590 Words

Society is hard pressed to find a region within the world today, which has experienced as much conflict, as the Middle East. The bloodiest and most volatile of these conflicts would be the Iran-Iraq war, proving to be the most bitter and detrimental conflict since World War II, and the worst the region has seen in recent years. Hostile relations and continued territorial clashes occurred between these two countries before September 22, 1980, however this day would mark the official declaration of war on Iran by Saddam Hussein. The next eight years of war would go on to claim the lives of over a million soldiers and civilians. In terms of war, this conflict would play out as a typical interstate war, with intense utilization of land, air, and naval forces throughout its entirety. The escalation between Iran and Iraq was not new, and there are multiple theories as to the origin of conflict, with everything from geopolitics and disputes over territory, to religious divisions and Saddamà ¢â‚¬â„¢s fear of how the Iranian Revolution of 1979 would affect Iraq. However, looking through the theoretical framework of Realism and its theories of balance and power and the security dilemma, this all plays to a patterned framework consistent with mistrust, uncertainty and opportunism which come to explain the major causes of the conflict and why countries compete. The following historical narrative serves as a background to highlight the major points of conflict, while furnishing a concise viewShow MoreRelatedIran-Iraq War Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesIran-Iraq War The eight year Iran-Iraq War was, by the standards of international conflicts, a very long one. It lasted longer than both World War I and World War II. In this conflict, the two most powerful states in the Persian Gulf, Iran and Iraq, who were the world’s largest producers of petroleum, were locked in mortal combat and appeared intent on destroying each other. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran, simultaneously launching an invasion by air and land into Iranian territory on SeptemberRead MoreThe Iran Iraq War1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iran-Iraq lasted from September 1980 to August 1998, which made it the longest conventional war of the 20th century. The consequence of the war cost billions of dollars and millions of lives. The result of the war, although stalemate would be a critical factor that would shape the future of the Middle East. The historical deep-rooted hostile relationship that emanated from the ethnic Arab-Persian and religious Sunni- Shi’ite tensions between the two neighbouring countries contributed to the conditionsRead MoreThe Iraq And Iran War1499 Words   |  6 Pages The Iraq and Iran war in 1980 through 1988 started on September 22, 1980, which resulted in an 8 year war, 500,000 casualties, $600 billion debt accumulated, and many more factors. The Iraq and Iran war strained Iraq’s political, and social life. Also put Iraq’s economy into severe conditions. The 1980, 8 year war between Iraq and Iran was fueled by many factors including border disputes (geographical and economical), and Iraq’s new dictator Saddam Hussein (political). Saddam Hussein feared thatRead MoreThe Iran Iraq War Necessary1118 Words   |  5 PagesIt was in 1980, a massive attack was headed Iran’s way, from its neighboring Middle Eastern country Iraq. This war between the two bordering countries was nothing less than a deadly fight that did not benefit either side more than the other. Costing hundreds of thousands of lives and damages that to this day never be fixed. The question asked by many people still remains the same; was the Iran-Iraq war necessary? The war was arguably the longest and most conventional war in the twentieth century.Read MoreThe Iranian Revolution1494 Words   |  6 Pagesexile, allowing the Jews to return to the land of Israel and rebuild the Jerusalem temple. This triggered a temporary friendship between the Jews and the Persians. During Reza Shah’s reign in Iran, Israel and Iran cooperated on many levels as they were united by a common enemy and shared interests. However, there has always been a substantial ideological split between the Iranian theocracy focused on the triumph of Islam, and a Jewish state dedicated to the security of its people. Thus, these closeRead MoreThe Iraq Iran War And State Security1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Iraq-Iran War and State Security With Iraq initiating the conflict, with its declaration of war on September 22, 1980 and the subsequent invasion of the Khuzestan province, they will be treated as the aggressor. Therefore the theoretical framework will revolve predominantly around Iraq. With this Posen’s components of the security dilemma will be used as the building blocks for state security’s explanation of the conflict, beginning with the indistinguishability of offense and defense. As previouslyRead MoreThe Gulf Cooperation Council Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagespart state promising to ensure and protect the common security and interests of GCC part states, and their domain and jurisdiction. One of the principle targets behind the foundation of the GCC in 1981 was security from the danger postured by the Iran – Iraq War, and Iranian propelled Islamist activism. The GCC Peninsula Shield Force was made up of joint-military strengths from GCC part states. The GCC Peninsula Shield Force set up its home office in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in 1985. AfterRead MoreThe War Between Iraq And Iran1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe war between Iraq and Iran initiated by Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein in September 1980 provided no gains or benefits to either country, at the end of the war in July of 1988 after 8 long years. At the conclusion of many wars throughout history, at least one party resulted in gaining territory, wealth, power, and other profits. However, in reality it is understood that no one ever wins in war due to the adverse affects among innocent humanity; exemplified by the Iraq-Iran war. The initial conflictRead MoreThe Movement Of Iran And The Middle East And West973 Words   |  4 Pagesand West. The People’s Mujahidin Organization of Iran (MEK) came into existence in the 1960s as an armed guerrilla movement inside of Iran. The original founders of this movement were university students led by Mohammad Hanifnezhad. Homa Katouzian asserts that, â€Å"After the arrest and military trial of their leaders, and espe cially in consequence of the military suppression of the revolt of June 1963, they, like some other young dissidents in Iran and the West, reached the view that the only avenueRead MoreHistory Is Filled With Wars1502 Words   |  7 Pagesand conflicts that result in wars. It’s a part of attribute to disagree most things for numerous reasons. After all, everyone seems to be totally different and have distinctive points of read some wars run off over land, whereas others occur to safeguard a nation’s respect and honor. Twentieth century is replete of the many major wars. However, one among the war that poor out for numerous different reasons as well as border disputes. Spiritual division and political distinction was the Iran-Iraq

Case Study Developing the Leaders of Tomorrow Free Essays

Produce a four pages report on NSW public sector commission discussing their approach to management and leadership development while highlighting the added value, this kind of approach brings to the success of organizations in general. In the next ten years, NSW expects a large number of retired managers by up to 75% from Department of Finance and Services. In 2008, NSW started preparing succession management to have a pool of managers and leaders for future changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Developing the Leaders of Tomorrow or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Berger Berger succession management define as â€Å"the daily process of cultivating future talent through coaching, mentoring, feedback, counseling and development†. NSW develop succession management planning for the sake of developing the present manager in the organization through daily process, coaching, personality assessment and 360 – degree feedback and other tools to assess the leaders. NSW focused on succession management in order to have capable leaders and managers to be ready to deploy those managers would retire in the next ten years. Succession management ensure an organization has the right management available today as well will take over the role of managers and leaders in the future. It ensures the continuity of leadership, and to keep the blood continuing in the organization such as having new and developed mangers and leaders ready to replace those will retire. Therefore, NSW concerns about succession management in order to develop a pool of managers with specific capabilities and competencies ready to take over for a managers or executives within the organization. The succession management helps organizations measures the strength of their pool of talent and recognize where there gaps in the talent. The NSW established Leader Development Program that focused on the skills and attributes managers need to lead effectively in the public sector of the future. The program is developed and builds on the NSW Executive Capabilities such as: Communication and interpersonal effectiveness, facilitating workforce effectiveness, achieving results, organizational context and environment astuteness, managing customer and stakeholder relationships, leadership, strategic thinking and planning, and change management (from EDP PowerPoint document). The program provided to the development requirements of five different groups of leaders as follows: Aspiring managers, new managers, business managers, senior managers, and executives. To develop aspiring managers, a five –day program was implemented. The program involved personality –style feedback, which designed to improve self-awareness and overcome inner barriers to psychological growth and development leadership competencies. For instance, the inner feeling is limit inspiration, creativity and risk taking (Yukl,2013). Therefore, before become a successful manager, it is important to re-join with one’s feelings, and challenge the hidden fears (Yukl, 2013). Also the program covered the role of manager, and skills requirements of management function. A personality- style assessment and 360-degree feedback tools program used for new and business managers. This helps the participants to increase their self –awareness. 360-degree feedback also called as multisource feedback is assumed that most leaders lack accurate knowledge about their skills and behavior, and the feedback can be used to improve it (Yukl, 2013). The Managers obtain information about their skills or behavior from standardized surveys filled out by other people such as bosses, subordinates, and sometimes outsiders (Yukl, 2013). In NSW the program provide the manager with 360 – degree feedback from three key parties – people, business and leadership the modules take place over 10 months. Moreover, Coaching and mentoring sessions used to help the participants to interpret their experiences and learn new skills from their manager. The benefit the participants will gain through learning from their managers’ experience is the amount of challenge in projects, the variety of tasks, and the feedback. For senior managers and executives, the aim was to build a constructive behavioral leadership. The participants received their personality and leadership behaviors from 360-degree questioners. The assessment focused to measure participants’ predominant orientation (people vs. task-orientation), and measures what behaviours are mostly adopted at work and in interaction with other employees (aggressive, passive or constructive behaviors). The 360- degree feedback contains two profiles: self – image and how others evaluate or see you (Human Consulting, 2012). In NSW, a seven module were delivered over 12 months. After that, an independent external consultant clarified the results of each participant individually, to ensure the acceptance of the results in order to encourage change. Nowadays in its fifth year, NSW have 500 leaders and managers accomplished the program. Managers ready for planning and budgeting, staffing and organizing jobs and reporting relationships to efficiently implement plans, and monitoring and problem solving, beside other managerial skills. On the other hand, there leaders who are ready for setting a direction and constructing a vision and strategies to provide attention for planning, highlighting communication, reliability, and empowerment and inspiring people and structure informal networks of relationships ( Bloisi, Cook, Hunsker 2003). The assessment of Executive Development Program (EDP) illustrates that the Finance and Services group of managers were the top performers among the 500 leaders and managers. The program focused on thirteen capabilities using eight tools to asses strengthens strategic leadership capability, develop the knowledge and skills required to deliver essential improvement, and motivate talented participants. Each participant commenced online and face-to-face assessment and got a confidential feedback to assist development and career planning. The assessment results ranked the leadership executive capabilities into strengthens and weaknesses categories. The four strongest capabilities are customer focus, complex dependencies, capacity to lead and manage people and organizational resilience. These capabilities added value to the organizations approach. For example, having leaders who focused on customers and understand what clients and customers need and want, and what they think about the organization products and how to improve the services and products to satisfy the customers. This kind of leader develops a competitive strategy for the organization. At the same time, the results show that the executive management needs to be developed in the strategic financial management. The main factors required development are: First, various choice of financial systems and budget management processes among and within the nine service group. The solution is merging and combining the financial system such as payment system, accounting and reporting in the state of funds received and spent and budget implementation process among and within the nine service group. The second weakness is the deficiency of clarity or consistency in the role of Chief Finance Officers and their finance team. To bridge this gap, the Finance Executive have to set a clear nd shared objective for Finance Department and drive an individual objective in order to work together to achieve departmental objectives. Third element need development plan is that the financial department does not play a vital role in the organizational decisions. In fact, the Financial Department consider as one of the major aspects for the organization. Therefore, it has to be taken into consideration when to make any kind of discussion related to the company. For example, if the company wants to maximize their profits the company has to grow business and to do that they need an income. Accordingly, the company either takes loan or goes public by issuing shared and bonds in order to make decision regarding this they have to review the financial reports. The fourth and last gab in capabilities is the level of variances of delegation and accountability given to the line managers. In order to fill this gab, the management need to establish a clear delegation of Document of Authority–DOA which state all the financial procedures and identify the authority level for each of financial manager. Than shared among the manager to clarify the level of authority each manager has. For example, for budgeting the project the financial manage has the authority to sign specific amount of budget (10,000$), in case the budget exceed the above mentioned amount then it has to go to the next level of authority and so on. In conclusion, develop succession management to prepare leaders and managers within the organization helps to invest in short – and long – term development of the employees. Moreover, organization’s workforce exposed as much of the working environment as possible so that they gain a good understanding of what the company requires to remain successful. They are familiar with organization culture and value, knew how to deal with employees and what the customers need and want. At the same time, the organization benefit from leaders development that it has committed employees who understand organization’s strategy and management and ensure the continuity of leadership as well having backup plan of leaders and managers developed and trained to replace those managers will retire in the future. How to cite Case Study: Developing the Leaders of Tomorrow, Free Case study samples

One Day Acuvue free essay sample

Vistakon seeks to be the leader in providing soft, daily disposable, high-quality contact lenses to the part-time lens user by providing superior quality products through innovative manufacturing and RD combined with strong advertising presence and trade support. In 1987, Vistakon, an independent subsidiary of Johnson Johnson, introduced Acuvue, the first soft, disposable contact lens through marked innovations in production and marketing.The â€Å"stabilized soft molding† production technique, promising better quality through reducing imperfections, coupled with a dual pronged marketing campaign that â€Å"pulled† consumers to enquire about Acuvue through extensive advertising and promotions and â€Å"pushed† the product by educating Eye Care Professionals (ECPs) on the product’s superior features resulted in Vistakon dominating the soft disposable contact lens market (with a 18. 9% market share) by 1993. To continue building up on its success, Vistakon developed 1 Day Acuvue, the first daily disposable contact lens. However, marketing tests revealed multiple issues with existing product cannibalization (of current products with sales up to $250 million), pricing and positioning, targeted markets, and the optimal marketing campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on One Day Acuvue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The firm needed to decide if more marketing tests are required to gain more perception into these issues or to embark immediately on a nationwide launch. Vistakon initially targeted 1 Day Acuvue to three market segments, contact lens dropouts (size: 15. 5 million, exhibit 2), patients with medical problems or active lifestyle consumers, and conventional daily wear users (size: 4. 6 million, exhibit 2).The western regional rollout indicates that 88% of all 1 Day Acuvue customers utilized contact lenses prior to purchase, a majority of whom used contact lenses in conjunction with spectacles. Exhibit 18 indicates that 1 Day Acuvue was also preferred by college graduates earning $81,000 or more primarily between the ages of 18-45 who frequently travel on business. This data insinuates that 1 Day Acuvue should be targeted towards two specific markets: high income business travelers and athletes and medical patients. Both segments share common characteristics of being less price-sensitive and being current users of disposable soft lenses.While the dropout market is potentially lucrative, it will be hard for the ECP or Vistakon to convince this market that 1-Day Acuvue possesses benefits far beyond their prior contact lens, specifically for the 65% who discontinued because of cost, discomfort, ease of use, need for bifocals, and loss/tear in lens. Exhibit 10 indicates that the gross margins fell from 88% to 40% with the advent of disposables. ECPs currently make $464. 00/patient/2 years from current disposables, whereas the initial costing policy of 1 Day Acuvue would reduce that contribution to $194. 40 (calculations in appendix 1). This is probably the primary reason why ECPs did not push 1 Day Acuvue as strongly as Vistakon expected during marketing tests (with only 20% of ECPs emphasizing the cost/day marketing strategy and 33% of ECPs stating that Acuvue was the most expensive lens). Vistakon somewhat corrected this issue with its new pricing policy in the western regional launch, with the contribution to ECPs who availed the volume discount for orders more than 4 30 packs increasing to $408/patient/2 years (calculations in appendix 1). This also helped reduce ECPs emphasizing Acuvue as most expensive (6%).